It is clear to everyone - we have to do something for our environment. Even if Germany is only responsible for 2% of global pollution, we, like all other nations, must meet our future energy needs from renewable energy sources, i.e. from sun, wind and hydropower.
Wood for pellet heating systems must also be ruled out; a 100-year period of regeneration is not sustainable because it cannot solve our short-term problems.
Nuclear technology, coal, oil and gas are no longer useful as heating technologies.
Grundsätzlich ist alte Konvektionsheiztechnik mit Rohren in den Wänden in Frage zu stellen. Die Energieeffizienz ist schlecht und insbesondere ist auf Grund der verwendeten mechanischen Komponenten die Lebensdauer sehr begrenzt. Eine Wartung ist ständig erforderlich. Die TU Dresden hat bei einem Forschungsprojekt mit dem Vergleich zwischen einer Wärmepumpen- und einer Infrarotheizung die Investitionskosten der Wärmepumpe bei einem Lebenszyklus von 40 Jahren 2 x angesetzt. Die unzähligen mechanischen Komponenten der Wärmepumpe haben eine entsprechend kurze Lebensdauer.
Desweiteren kann der Energieverbrauch bei einer Luft/Wasser-Wärmepumpe astronomische Höhen bei niedrigen Aussentemperaturen erreichen. Die benötigte Wärme muss dann mit einem uneffizienten elektrischen Boiler mittels eines Heizstabes zusätzlich erzeugt werden.
Heating up in the morning is much more effective with infrared heating, where only the room heat from the previous day is brought up to the desired cosy temperature. We have found that if the IR heating is switched off at night, the room temperature in the morning is still around 14-17°C, even on very cold nights, depending on the thermal insulation of the building.
Heat pump heating is currently in vogue. That is why it is mentioned here as the first technology. A heat pump heating is fundamentally superior to a radiant heating system because of its inefficient nature as a convection heating system. antiquated.
Function: it extracts thermal energy from water, earth or air and transfers it to a coolant. The medium evaporates and then flows into an electrically powered compressor. This increases the pressure and thus also the temperature. The coolant then releases the absorbed energy to the heating system. Its temperature drops and it returns to its original state. The cycle then begins again.
The highly praised efficiency of heat pump heating is, however, difficult to understand logically. Cold air or water is brought into the building from the ground using an electric pump, where it is heated after several transformations of the state of matter (a coolant is evaporated, compressed, condensed and liquefied).
Electrical energy is needed for heating. The earth's heat is always around 9-11°C, the air is often much colder. These temperatures must be brought to 55-65°C with convection heating and to around 28 - 32°C with a more sensible underfloor heating system. With an air/water heat pump, the required heat is additionally generated at low temperatures using a hugely inefficient electric heating element. Heating costs can reach astronomical heights!
Since, unlike infrared heating, there is no set method for determining the efficiency of a heat pump heating system, purchasing such a system is a blind flight into the costs of this technology. The only benchmark can be an efficiency measurement of the technology specified in accordance with DIN.
When calculating the so-called annual performance factor JAZ The amount (volume) of heat that is fed into the heating system is measured with a flow heat meter and divided by the electricity consumption in a year. This then produces values that are between 4 and 5 and are interpreted by laypeople or interested lobbyists as meaning that a corresponding multiple of the energy input was gained as heat.
However, the previously mentioned JAZ values (3-5) are now described as misleading by all experts who are not involved in lobbying when they are used to derive the efficiency of the entire system.
Responsible energy consultants advise against using heat pump heating when renovating a building unless the convection radiators can at least be enlarged or replaced with underfloor heating. However, this drives up the renovation costs to dizzying heights.
Infrared heating is direct radiation heating. Direct, because its heat rays heat the room directly without any complex technology or distribution pipes.
The photons of infrared radiation move through the room at the speed of light and without transmission losses and are reflected and absorbed by all objects until the energy has been completely transferred to people and objects. - The heat absorbed by objects and walls then ensures that heat penetrates the room evenly by convection.
The rays can hit and heat a person standing, sitting or lying freely in the room several times. Mind you, this is the same radiation that we have already paid for. Tests have shown that the temperature of the body or object is actually increased again on the second impact. - Das ist einmalig und passiert nur bei einer Strahlungsheizung!
The air is not heated by infrared rays. It is said that air is diathermic for infrared radiation, i.e. the radiation passes through air without loss. This is also the case with our sun rays. They travel billions of light years through space and hit the atmosphere of our earth without loss. The efficiency is almost 100%.
Note: this is the efficiency of the heat generated (primary energy). It has nothing to do with the efficiency of the heat emitted (useful energy) of a space heater. The processing during release always creates losses. Scientists say that the physically maximum achievable efficiency for infrared heaters is around 70% (±2.8%).
We have the scientist Prof. Dr. Kosack from the TU Kaiserslautern to thank for the fact that since January 2023 there has been a method to measure the efficiency of an infrared heating element. The measurement method is in the DIN EN IEC 60675-3 It finally makes it possible to assess the efficiency of infrared heaters and use it as one of the decision criteria when selecting your own heating elements. The TU Dresden carries out these measurements. However, it will still be a while before these calculations have been carried out for all manufacturers.
The Jülich Institute and the Max Planck Institute cannot currently see any economically viable application for hydrogen for heating residential and commercial buildings. Even if hydrogen is produced renewably in sunny regions, transporting it to Europe is not economically feasible.
As early as 2014, the idea of using solar power to generate hydrogen and transport it from Africa to Europe as part of the "Desertec" project was shelved. For transport using tankers, we would need at least 1,000 more oil tankers in addition to the oil tankers that could perhaps be converted.
The production of hydrogen requires several conversions of the aggregate states. This is done with electricity. The costs are completely unacceptable for a private-sector application.
After recent experiences with Russia, dependence on foreign suppliers is also unacceptable. Here, however, we will all have to rethink. Without a globalised economy, we will no longer be able to survive.
The opponents of globalization, who have repeatedly managed to prevent free trade agreements through public opinion-making in recent years, have driven us into one-sided dependencies that are now coming back to haunt us. They are causing enormous economic damage because we have to buy expensive energy elsewhere in order to escape from dependence. It would have been better to secure cheap energy in good time through broad-based bilateral agreements.
In Germany alone, we need around 500 terawatt hours (half a quadrillion watts) of electrical energy every year. This can never be produced in our own country. However, a European interconnected grid has already been agreed. This provides security for electric heating with infrared direct heaters.
Using hot plasma like that of the sun from nuclear fusion in a magnetic fusion reactor as an energy source would have the advantage that no carbon dioxide would be emitted. grams Hydrogen could produce as much energy as 11 tons of hard coal.
Radioactive waste would only be produced in small quantities with short half-lives. The meltdown of such a reactor is impossible because the fusion reactions generated can be switched off within milliseconds and fuel is only present in the reactor chamber for a few seconds.
The fuels required for operation are available at low cost and are sufficient to generate electricity for around 1,000 years. In France, the world's major industrial nations have joined forces in the ITER research project to further develop this technology.
Another project: In the USA, work is being done on fusing hydrogen atom nuclei using laser light. Using 192 lasers, they were able to generate 500 terawatts in a fraction of a second. The whole world currently needs 2.7 terawatts around the clock. If this success could be sustained, all of the world's energy problems would be solved in one fell swoop.
A lot of research still needs to be done before this can be expected and unfortunately we practically need to decarbonize our planet within the next two years.
– We can be sure - the energy of the future will be electrical energy.
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On the left you can see one of the world's first Gaphene batteries for sale. The Australian company Graphene Manufacturing Group has already announced a production date of 2024. (Website GMG) batteries with triple the energy density and extremely short charging times have been announced. They enable electric cars to cover a distance of approx. 1000 km on a single charge.
Button batteries will be available by the end of next year. They have a charging time of 3 seconds.
If it becomes possible to store electricity from photovoltaic systems in larger quantities using such efficient batteries, nothing will stand in the way of energy-independent heating with infrared heating elements.
For the Electric heater This development, in conjunction with a photovoltaic system, means the possible elimination of dependence on monopolized electricity suppliers – with ZERO emissions.
Experts expect a constant improvement in the efficiency of photovoltaic modules in the coming years – up to 70% is forecast. The costs of the modules have been falling steadily.
Such and similar developments will make electric heating unrivalled. If the electricity is generated from the building's own photovoltaic system, stored and also used in winter, an almost balanced energy balance is possible in every building.
Around 25% of all heating systems in Germany are still based on oil and gas. A rethink is therefore urgently needed and is supported by the government. The future-oriented and climate-friendly heating using green electricity will be heating with infrared technology.
The efficiency of the heating elements plays a key role here, as electrical energy is the most expensive in Germany worldwide. As a result of their advice, energy consultants are increasingly coming to the conclusion that the highly praised heat pump heating systems are not to be recommended, especially when refurbishing buildings. However, this applies to all convection heating systems: the heat generated under the ceiling is often 8-12°C warmer than on the floor. We have to turn up the heating in order to reach our comfort temperature on the floor as well.
This increases the losses under the ceiling even more. We have been wasting huge amounts of energy in this way for decades! This does not happen with radiant heating, which is a direct current heating system that heats the body directly rather than the air, thus saving energy.
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